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Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a surgical treatment procedure in which a brain pacemaker is implanted to deliver electrical impulses to specific parts of the brain. This procedure is used to treat tremors, Parkinson's disease, and dystonia. Brain pacemakers were approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1997 as a treatment for essential tremor, in 2002 as treatment for Parkinson’s and in 2003 as a treatment for primary dystonia. In March 2005 the results of a Canadian study performed by doctors from the University of Toronto were published indicating that DBS may also alleviate symptoms in patients suffering from treatment-resistant clinical depression.