Common Causes Requiring Liver Transplantation
The causes can be divided into two groups:

1. Pediatric Cases
Most commonly arise from genetic disorders that cannot be treated through other means. A liver transplant is necessary for the functionality of other organs.

2. Adult Cases
Causes include:

• Acute Liver Failure: Often occurs in individuals without prior liver disease, usually due to drug overdose or viral hepatitis.
• Genetic Disorders: Conditions that lead to the abnormal accumulation of substances in the liver, affecting its and other organs' functions.
• Chronic Hepatitis Leading to Advanced Cirrhosis: Accompanied by complications that cannot be resolved through medications or other treatments. Common causes include viral hepatitis, excessive alcohol consumption over time, and fatty liver disease.
• Liver Cancer: Depending on the tumor's size and liver condition, early-stage cancers may be treated through other methods.

Patients undergoing liver transplantation are assessed for readiness and suitability through multiple steps. Physicians evaluate bodily functions, including blood tests, heart, lung, and kidney functions, as well as mental health. Screening for other cancers is conducted to ensure no spread beyond the liver. Pre-existing conditions must be addressed or controlled. For example, patients with cirrhosis due to alcohol consumption must abstain from drinking for at least six months before surgery, except in cases of acute liver failure.

Liver transplantation is a major surgery with high risks and is considered when no other options are available. Post-surgery, patients must adapt to a new lifestyle, including immunosuppressant medications, which may have side effects. Potential risks and complications include:

• Infections
• Rejection of the new liver
• Bile duct issues, such as blockages or leaks
• Immunosuppressant-related conditions, such as diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, and cancer.

Post-operative care significantly impacts patient survival rates. Patients must attend follow-up appointments to monitor liver function and immunosuppressant levels. Follow-up frequency typically includes:

• Every 1-2 weeks during the first six months
• Monthly visits, transitioning to every three months
• Ongoing long-term monitoring Five years post-transplant is considered a stabilized phase.

Preventing liver disease is crucial. For individuals without liver disease, regular liver health screenings can detect problems early. For those with liver conditions, preserving liver function is key, involving regular monitoring and medical follow-ups. Chronic conditions such as cirrhosis, liver failure, or cancer develop gradually, allowing timely intervention when detected early.